https://www.digi.com/blog/post/how-do-iot-devices-communicate
Internet of Things (IoT) devices communicate is dozens of different ways, using hundreds of different protocols.
Components for IoT Device Communication
While IoT systems come in many different architectures, most include the following components:
IoT device – anything from the tiniest temperature sensor to a giant industrial robot
Local communications – the method the device uses to speak with neighboring devices
Application protocol – the framework that defines how information content is transported
Gateways – translate and re-transmit information, typically linking local device networks to the Internet
Network servers – systems that manage the acceptance and transmission of IoT data, typically located inside cloud data centers
Cloud applications – process IoT data into useful information, for presentation to users
User interface – where people see IoT information, manipulate it, and issue commands back to IoT devices
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